Presumptions and Fictions as Special Legal Phenomen
Abstract
The article considers the essence of legal presumptions and legal fictions, their main features, common and distinctive features. Exploring the essence of the legal presumption the author comes to the conclusion that the logical-philosophical, legal and socio-political approaches to its essence should not be mixed and contrasted with each other, it is necessary to consider the presumption in a trilateral approach. This approach reveals the entire chain of existence of presumptions in law: the emergence − action − result. The logical-philosophical approach means the formation of a presumption based on previous experience, the legal one − implementation in the presence of a fact-foundation, the socio-political one − the establishment in order to protect various interests. Using the extrapolation method, it has been established that the essence of legal fiction is also manifested in these three aspects, since fiction is also formed considering a patterns of social development, is implemented in the presence of certain facts established in the law, and is established in order to protect various interests. Presumptions and fictions play a very important role in law, making up for the lack of factual information and optimizing legal regulation. They differ from each other, mainly by the criterion of probability (the presumption is probable, the fiction is wittingly false) and the reflection of reality (the fiction deforms the reality in a certain way, the presumption does not), which makes it possible not to identify them with each other.
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